sanction
sanct
/icons/point.icon sanctionは正反対の意味を持つ
In most domestic contexts, sanction means ‘approval, permission’
In foreign affairs, sanction means ‘penalty, deterrent’
sancire "to decree, confirm, ratify, make sacred" (see saint (n.)).
神の名のもとにクリスチャンには恩恵が与えられるし、異教徒には制裁が与えられる(のかも)
https://gyazo.com/af067fdeb2898aadec797403d02f1f43
/icons/point.icon APPROVE, ENDORSE, SANCTION, ACCREDIT, CERTIFY mean to have or express a favorable opinion of.
APPROVE often implies no more than this but may suggest considerable esteem or admiration.
e.g. the parents approve of the marriage
ENDORSE suggests an explicit statement of support.
e.g. publicly endorsed her for Senator
SANCTION implies both approval and authorization.
e.g. the President sanctioned covert operations
ACCREDIT and CERTIFY usually imply official endorsement attesting to conformity to set standards.
e.g. the board voted to accredit the college must be certified to teach
noun
1. a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule:
｟かたく｠ (法律などに従わせるための)処罰; (道徳的･社会的)拘束力
e.g. a range of sanctions aimed at deterring insider abuse.
(sanctions) measures taken by a nation to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade or on participation in official sporting events:
〖通例～s〗 【国などへの】(政治的な意図を持った)制裁(措置) «against, on»
e.g. the United States had agreed to lift economic sanctions.
Philosophy a consideration operating to enforce obedience to any rule of conduct.
2. official permission or approval for an action:
｟かたく｠ (公式な)認可, 承認, 是認
e.g. he appealed to the bishop for his sanction.
official confirmation or ratification of a law.
Law, historical a law or decree, especially an ecclesiastical decree.
verb with object
1. give official permission or approval for (an action):
〈権限を持つ人などが〉(公式に)〈行動･実行〉を認可する, 承認する
e.g. only two treatments have been sanctioned by the Food and Drug Administration.
2. impose a sanction or penalty on:
〈国家･権限を持つ機関が〉 «…をしたことで» 〈国･人〉に制裁措置をとる «for doing»
e.g. foreigners in France illegally should be sent home, their employers sanctioned and border controls tightened up.
DERIVATIVES
sanctionable adjective
USAGE
Sanction is confusing because it has two meanings that are almost opposite. In most domestic contexts, sanction means ‘approval, permission’: voters gave the measure their sanction. In foreign affairs, sanction means ‘penalty, deterrent’: international sanctions against the republic go into effect in January.
ORIGIN
late Middle English (as a noun denoting an ecclesiastical decree): from French, from Latin sanctio(n-), from sancire ‘ratify’. The verb dates from the late 18th century.