reduce
re- ‘back, again’ + ducere ‘bring, lead’
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verb with object
1. make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size:
«…から/…へ» 〈大きさ･数量･価格など〉を減少させる, 減らす «from/to»
e.g. the need for businesses to reduce costs
e.g. the workforce has been reduced to some 6,100
e.g. (as adjective reduced) : a reduced risk of coronary disease.
no object become smaller or less in size, amount, or degree:
〈物･事が〉 «…まで» 減少する «to»
e.g. the number of priority homeless cases has reduced slightly.
boil (a sauce or other liquid) in cooking so that it becomes thicker and more concentrated.
〈液体が〉 «…な状態に» 煮詰まる
no object chiefly North American (of a person) lose weight, typically by dieting:
｟主に米･くだけて｠ 〈人が〉 【ある体重まで】(節食をして)やせる, 減量する «to» .
e.g. by May she had reduced to 125 pounds.
Photography make (a negative or print) less dense.
〈ネガ〉(の濃度)を薄くする, 減力する
Phonetics articulate (a speech sound) in a way requiring less muscular effort. In vowels, this gives rise to a more central articulatory position.
2. (reduce someone/something to) bring someone or something to (a lower or weaker state, condition, or role):
〖通例be ～d〗 【好ましくない状態などに】(無理に)変えられる; «…に» 降格させられる «to»
e.g. she has been reduced to near poverty
e.g. the church was reduced to rubble.
(be reduced to doing something) (of a person) be forced by difficult circumstances into doing something desperate:
«…する» 羽目になる «to doing»
e.g. ordinary soldiers are reduced to begging.
make someone helpless with (an expression of emotion, especially with hurt, shock, or amusement):
e.g. Olga was reduced to stunned silence.
force someone into (obedience or submission):
e.g. he succeeds in reducing his grandees to due obedience.
3. (reduce something to) change a substance to (a different or more basic form):
〖通例be ～d〗 【より単純な形に】まとめられる, 還元される «to»
e.g. it is difficult to understand how lava could have been reduced to dust.
present a problem or subject in (a simplified form):
e.g. he reduces unimaginable statistics to manageable proportions.
convert a fraction to (the form with the lowest terms).
〘数〙 〈分数〉を約分, 通分する
4. Chemistry cause to combine chemically with hydrogen.
〘化〙 …を還元する
undergo or cause to undergo a reaction in which electrons are gained by one atom from another. The opposite of oxidize.
5. restore (a dislocated part) to its proper position by manipulation or surgery.
〘医〙 〈脱臼など〉を整復する, 正常に戻す
6. archaic besiege and capture (a town or fortress).
｟古｠ 〈都市など〉を征服する, 制圧する.
PHRASES
reduced circumstances
used euphemistically to refer to the state of being poor after being relatively wealthy:
e.g. a divorcee living in reduced circumstances.
reduce someone to the ranks
demote a noncommissioned officer to an ordinary soldier.
DERIVATIVES
reducer |rəˈd(y)o͞osər| noun
ORIGIN
late Middle English: from Latin reducere, from re- ‘back, again’ + ducere ‘bring, lead’. The original sense was ‘bring back’ (hence ‘restore’, now surviving in reduce (sense 5) ); this led to ‘bring to a different state’, then ‘bring to a simpler or lower state’ (hence reduce (sense 3) ); and finally ‘diminish in size or amount’ (reduce (sense 1) , dating from the late 18th century).