C.S.パース「人間に備わっているとされるいくつかの能力に関する疑問」
QUESTION 1: Whether by the simple contemplation of a cognition, independently of any previous knowledge and without reasoning from signs, we are enabled rightly to judge whether that cognition has been determined by a previous cognition or whether it refers immediately to its object.
QUESTION 2: Whether we have an intuitive self-consciousness.
QUESTION 3: Whether we have an intuitive power of distinguishing between the subjective elements of different kinds of cognitions.
QUESTION 4: Whether we have any power of introspection, or whether our whole knowledge of the internal world is derived from the observation of external facts.
QUESTION 5: Whether we can think without signs.
QUESTION 6: Whether a sign can have any meaning, if by its definition it is the sign of something absolutely incognizable.
QUESTION 7: Whether there is any cognition not determined by a previous cognition.
なんか「認知プロセスpについて、pが誤りうるプロセスであるならば、pは推論である」という謎の論法を使用している
怒りなどの感情も対象の客観的な性質を表すものとして"考えられている"
というか"そのような志向的内容を持っている"のでは
怒りというのを、最初は「xは憎たらしい」のような表象から、相対化する
A「ラーメンはおいしい」→「Aさんはラーメンが好きだ」
x「yはセクシーだ」 → 「xはyに性的欲求を感じる」
パースのquestion 1に、20世紀の心理学は否定的に答えた
Starting with the early studies on confabulation in the 1960s, psychologists have established, quite firmly, that we cannot tell through introspection whether reasoning is actually guiding our conduct or not[36 ]. This is indeed one of the most disconcerting findings of 20th century psychology: sometimes we actually control our conduct through decision, and sometimes we just make up stories to explain our behaviour after the fact, and yet we can’t tell through introspection when we’re doing one or the other[37 ].