Goodhart's law
Campbell's law – "The more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures" Cobra effect – when incentives designed to solve a problem end up rewarding people for making it worse confirmation bias – the tendency to search for and recall information that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs Lucas critique – the observation that it is naive to try to predict the effects of a change in economic policy entirely on the basis of relationships observed in historical data McNamara fallacy – ignoring qualitative metrics on the basis that they cannot be measured metric fixation – Tendency for decision-makers to place excessively large emphases on selected metrics Peter principle – individuals are promoted based on success in their previous roles, and not the role of the new position Reification (fallacy) – Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing reflexivity (social theory) – Circular relationships between cause and effect reward hacking – occurs when artificial intelligence optimizes a poorly specified reward without reaching the intended outcome surrogation – in business, when a measure of a construct of interest evolves to replace that construct