evolution
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source: By Tkgd2007 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0
noun
1. the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
〘生物〙 進化, 進化論; 進化したもの
The idea of organic evolution was proposed by some ancient Greek thinkers but was long rejected in Europe as contrary to the literal interpretation of the Bible. Lamarck proposed a theory that organisms became transformed by their efforts to respond to the demands of their environment, but he was unable to explain a mechanism for this. Lyell demonstrated that geological deposits were the cumulative product of slow processes over vast ages. This helped Darwin toward a theory of gradual evolution over a long period by the natural selection of those varieties of an organism slightly better adapted to the environment and hence more likely to produce descendants. Combined with the later discoveries of the cellular and molecular basis of genetics, Darwin's theory of evolution has, with some modification, become the dominant unifying concept of modern biology.
2. the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form:
｟かたく｠ (物･事の徐々の)発達, 発展, 展開(→ revolution); 発達したもの
e.g. the forms of written languages undergo constant evolution.
3. Chemistry the giving off of a gaseous product, or of heat.
(光･熱などの)放出, 放散
4. a pattern of movements or maneuvers:
〖しばしば～s〗 〘機〙 (機械の)旋回, 回転; (舞踊･球技などの)展開動作, 運動
e.g. silk ribbons waving in fanciful evolutions.
5. Mathematics, dated the extraction of a root from a given quantity.
〘数〙 開方(↔ involution)
DERIVATIVES
evolutional |-SHənl| adjective
evolutionally |-(ə)lē| adverb
evolutive |ˌevəˈlo͞odiv| adjective
ORIGIN
early 17th century: from Latin evolutio(n-) ‘unrolling’, from the verb evolvere (see evolve). Early senses related to movement, first recorded in describing a ‘wheeling’ maneuver in the realignment of troops or ships. Current senses stem from a notion of ‘opening out’, giving rise to the sense ‘development’.