Direct Manipulation

「直接編集」とも。

Definition: Direct manipulation (DM) is an interaction style in which users act on displayed objects of interest using physical, incremental, reversible actions whose effects are immediately visible on the screen.

この時代の

Shneiderman's principle of direct manipulation

1. Continuous Representation of objects of interest

2. Physical actions (movement and selection by mouse, joystick, touch screen, etc.) or labeled button presses instead of complex syntax.

Rapid, incremental, reversible operations whose impact on the object of interest is immediately visible.

Layered or spiral approach to learning that permits usage with minimal knowledge. Novices can learn a modest and useful set of commands, which they can exercise till they become ann “expert" at level 1 of the system. After obtaining reinforcing feedback from successful operation, users can gracefully expand their knowledge of features and gain fluency.