Effects of WW1/WW2
significance, peacemakingそれぞれへのロジックをしっかり用意するべき
(significanceは未完)
今だと量が多すぎなので、2 example per pointになるくらいにしたい
Focus
war effectのsignificanceをevaluateする
effect to what?
society、かな
Intro
Paris Peace Conference from 1919/6/28
mainly dominated by UK, France, US
although different aims, all had common aim to remove social instability in Europe and bring peace
WW2
different aims of US and USSR
During & After the war: Yalta, Teheran, Postdam
Territorial Effects
WW1
US: Pursued "self-determination"
included in Wilson's 14 points, US War Aim from speech in 1918/1
breaking up empires
AH divided - Austria, Hungary, Czech, etc
Ottoman Empire divided
France: Weaken Germany
Germany loses land
WInner gained territories
Gained part of Germany and Arab territories
(not AH)
Italy - terre irredente - promised land from AH
PEACEMAKING EXT
Success
Self-determination
more people gaining independence, reducing possible conflicts
Failures
Doesn't get terre irredente → anger → rise of Facism → Mussolini takes power
Germany humiliation "November criminals" led to rise of facism
some German losing independence (not accomplished self-determinaition)
Aimed to gain territories back
Conclusion
The aim of the US to pursue self-determination led to some succcess, but the territorial divisions more significantly caused future conflicts
SIGNIFICANCE EXT:
WW2
US aimed to exclude communist governments from Germany / Japan
USSR aimed to create Buffer zone in Europe
As a result, divided Korea and Germany
- Indochina (France returning)
-Japan losing all the territory they had
-Soviet Union taking over East Europe
PEACEMAKING EXT:
Success
Buffer zone between USSR and Western nations weakened the tension
Failure
Caused civil war in Korea
Germany division caused tension
Ex: {TODO}
Conclusion
Although buffer zone was success to some extent,
SIGNIFICANCE EXT:
Political impact
WW1
Every winner's goal
League of Nations
included in Wilson's 14 points, US War Aim from speech in 1918/1
to "preserve the peace" and construct collective security
Aimed Disarmament (stopping arms race)
Treaties
Aimed more democracy in Europe
Weimar republic, Turkey with elections
WWI Germany/Italy
PEACEMAKING EXT
Success
LoN preventing wars
Greece vs Bulgaria in 1925, ended by LoN decision
Swedish/Finnish conflict
Disarmament
Democracy: short term success in Germany
Failure
US, USSR not joining the LoN
historian Winter: flaws of limited time caused limited preparation
Wilson: couldn't negotiate with Republicans, led to fail of the LoN
Kaiser abdicates → Weimar Republic → Extreme ideologies → Nazis comes to power
weak democracy failure for a long term
Weakness due to non-militarized LoN
Japanese/Italian/German expansion - lack of intervention
Abyssinia invasion, Japanese invasion of Manchuria and establishment of manchukuo
LoN couldn't intervene superpowers, only to non-superpowers
Conclusion
SIGNIFICANCE EXT
Pro
LoN failures encouraged agression of the Axis
Weak democracy helped Nazis to get in power
Counter
LoN ineffective, insignificant
WW2
UN established
Both agreed for collective security
US: Aimed to create allies of democratic nations
Ex: West Germany, Japan
USSR: Aimed to create allies of communist nations
PEACEMAKING EXT:
Success
Collective security prevented potential conflicts
US and USSR both were members, and had military to use force
{TODO: Find Historiography}
Peace Constitution of Japan prevented military conflicts
Failure
Both aimed to create their own allies, leading to the division of Grand Alliance and Cold War
Conclusion
Successfully prevented Germany and Japan to aggress, but did broke the Grand Alliance and caused the Cold War
SIGNIFICANCE EXT:
Economic
WW1
US Aim: Economic recovery of Germany and free trade
UK/France: Reparations
ToV: Germany, 30B Dollars
PEACEMAKING EXT:
Success
Failure
Heavy reparations contributed to economic crisis, which caused the rise of extreme ideology
Conclusion
SIGNIFICANCE EXT:
Pro
Counter
Although Hitler claimed that reparations caused economic crisis, it wasn't really the cause (G.D. was the cause)
Historiography見つけられそう
WW2
US: Aimed to recover Germany and Japan, as well as other Western nations
Marshall Plan
USSR: Aimed to take reparations and resources from Germany
PEACEMAKING EXT:
Success
US stabilized economy in Europe and Japan
instable economy leads to instable world
Failure
Marshall Plan and exclusion of communists contributed to the breakdown of grand alliance, causing Cold War
"dollar imperialism" according to USSR
{TODO: Historiography}
Conclusion
Not really contributed to the peace or conflict, but Marshall Plan affected to some extent.
SIGNIFICANCE EXT:
Pro
Post War economic miracle, helped by US aids and supports
Counter
Conclusion
Limited consideration and collaboration on the conference led to failure
idealist vs selfish aims
idealist lacked consideration
selifhs lacked colalboration
現状これがあんまりsupportされていないから、調整したい
? Territorial changes were the most significant effects of war”. With regards to two twentieth-century conflicts, to what extent do you agree with this statement?
? Examine the effects of the peacemaking process that followed two twentieth-century conflicts.
? Examine the reasons for the failure of one peace treaty in the 20th century.
? With reference to one 20th-century war, compare and contrast the political repercussions for two countries
これイレギュラーだな、怖い
one warのpolitical限定
ここまで対策するのは大変だな、最悪頑張れば書ける程度の知識で良いかも
References
Pearson Causes and Effects of 20C p100-
他の教科書も使える
ww1 peacemakingなら、move to global war
ww2 peacemakingなら、cold warの序盤
あと、peacemakingの教科書もある
Phase 3で使いたい
Notes
どれか一つがメインで、それ以外がHowever Pの可能性もある
なので、paragraphそれぞれにエッセイ半分以上埋まるくらいの情報量は欲しい
多分これもWW1 EuropeとWW2 pacificにした方が良いのかな