余談：アームチェア哲学と直観
Bryson (2009)からいくつか引用（強調は松永）：
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(p. 67) The most pervasive and noteworthy form of evidence for armchair philosophy is the data supplied by intuitions. Just as scientists largely rely on observation to gather the data for their theories, armchair philosophers use intuitions to cull the data for theirs. Intuition is the philosopher’s eyes and ears. Without it, she would have very little evidence to go on; she would occupy a position of intellectual blindness.
(p. 69) The role of intuition in philosophy is similar to the role of observation in the sciences. Scientists gather data by observing states of affairs. Theories are proposed to account for the data. These theories are evaluated against further observations and their ability to cohere with other well developed theories. In some cases, a well supported theory will not be discarded in the face of an anomalous observation, especially if the observation can be explained away, or the evidence for the theory is strong enough to render improbable the truth of the observation. In the same way, philosophers often evoke intuitions about particular cases in developing a theory. This initial theory is then tested against further intuitions (or the empirical evidence available from the armchair) where, in some cases, a conflicting intuition may be discarded if the overall intuitive evidence outweighs the strength of the particular case intuition. This process continues until an equilibrium between the theory and body of intuitions is reached.
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ポイント：
哲学における直観は、データを取るという意味では、科学における観察に近い。
理論とデータの関係についても哲学と科学は同様：
いずれにおいても、理論は得られているデータを説明できるものとして提案される。
提案された理論は、さらなるデータをちゃんと説明できるかどうか、他のちゃんとした理論との整合性はあるかどうかで評価される。