コミットメント

関連概念

keywords

Credible commitment

Strategic commitment

Signaling

Deterrence

Compellence

Time inconsistency

Escalation of commitment

Sunk cost fallacy

Brand loyalty

Customer retention

International relations

Conflict resolution

Negotiation strategies

Behavioral economics

Organizational behavior

Sustainable decision-making

Bounded rationality

en:

Commitment strategies, rooted in game theory, involve making binding decisions or pledges to influence the expectations and behavior of others, aiming for a more favorable outcome. Key aspects include credibility, irreversibility, signaling, deterrence, and compellence. The concept of commitment strategies is relevant across various fields, such as economics, political science, management, psychology, and marketing, where it is studied under different terms. The broad application of commitment strategies across these disciplines highlights their importance in understanding strategic behavior and decision-making in diverse contexts.

In game theory, a commitment strategy is a strategic approach where a player makes a binding decision or pledge, effectively limiting their available choices in the future to increase the chances of a more favorable outcome. By committing to a specific course of action, a player can influence the expectations and behavior of other players in the game, potentially gaining a strategic advantage.

Commitment strategies can be better understood using the following concepts:

Credibility: For a commitment strategy to be effective, it must be credible in the eyes of other players. This means that the commitment is believable and the other players expect the committed player to follow through with their pledged course of action.

Irreversibility: To enhance credibility, the commitment should be difficult or costly to reverse. This can be achieved through various means, such as entering binding agreements, making public announcements, or investing in irreversible actions.

Signaling: A commitment strategy often involves signaling, which is the act of conveying information about one's intentions, capabilities, or preferences. By signaling a commitment, a player can shape the beliefs and actions of other players in the game.

Deterrence and Compellence: Commitment strategies can be used for both deterrence and compellence purposes. Deterrence involves convincing the opponent not to take a specific action by threatening negative consequences. Compellence, on the other hand, seeks to persuade the opponent to take a certain action by promising positive outcomes or threatening negative consequences.

An example of a commitment strategy can be found in the classic game theory scenario, the "chicken game." In this game, two drivers are heading towards each other on a collision course, and the winner is the one who doesn't swerve, while the loser is the one who does. If both swerve, it's a draw; if neither swerves, both players lose due to the resulting collision. A commitment strategy in this scenario would be for one driver to visibly throw their steering wheel out of the window, making it impossible for them to swerve. This signals to the other driver that they have no choice but to swerve, thus giving the first driver the advantage and likely causing the other driver to yield.

the concept of commitment strategy is studied in various fields under different terms. Here are some examples:

Economics and Finance: In these fields, the commitment strategy is closely related to concepts like "time inconsistency" and "credibility." Central banks, for example, may announce a commitment to a specific inflation target to shape market expectations and influence economic behavior.

Political Science and International Relations: In these areas, the concept of commitment strategy is often referred to as "credible commitment" or "strategic commitment." It is used to analyze how nations make and signal their intentions in situations like nuclear deterrence, treaty negotiations, and alliance formation.

Organizational Behavior and Management: In these disciplines, commitment strategies may be discussed in terms of "escalation of commitment" or "sunk cost fallacy." These concepts examine how individuals or organizations tend to continue investing in a course of action based on the amount of resources already committed, despite evidence suggesting that the chosen path may not lead to the desired outcome.

Psychology and Behavioral Economics: In these fields, commitment strategies are often studied under the umbrella of "self-control" and "precommitment." For example, people might voluntarily restrict their options to overcome present-biased preferences, such as committing to a strict diet plan or saving for retirement through automatic deductions from their paychecks.

Marketing and Consumer Behavior: In these fields, commitment strategies are studied in relation to "brand loyalty" and "customer retention." Companies often use various tactics to encourage consumers to commit to their products or services, such as loyalty programs, long-term contracts, or personalized offerings.

These examples demonstrate that commitment strategies are researched and applied in a wide range of disciplines, highlighting the relevance and importance of understanding the role of commitment in shaping strategic behavior across various domains.

ja:

ゲーム理論に基づくコミットメント戦略は、他者の期待や行動に影響を与え、より好ましい結果を目指すために、拘束力のある決定や誓約を行うことを意味します。信頼性、非可逆性、シグナリング、抑止、強制などが重要な要素です。コミットメント戦略の概念は、経済学、政治学、マネジメント、心理学、マーケティングなどのさまざまな分野で関連性があり、それぞれ異なる用語で研究されています。これらの分野におけるコミットメント戦略の幅広い適用は、多様な文脈において戦略的行動と意思決定を理解する上での重要性を示しています。

経済学において、コミットメント戦略は時間的非整合性や信頼性などの概念と関連し、中央銀行がインフレ目標を設定する際に見られます。政治学と国際関係学では、信頼性のあるコミットメントや戦略的コミットメントとして言及され、国家が様々な状況で意図を示す方法を分析するために使用されます。マネジメントや組織行動においては、コミットメント戦略はエスカレーション・オブ・コミットメントや沈没費用の誤謬といった概念を通じて研究され、個人や組織が選択した道を継続して投資する方法を調査しています。心理学と行動経済学では、自己コントロールや事前コミットメントという概念に関連してコミットメント戦略が議論され、個人が現在の偏見からの選択を克服するために選択肢を制限します。最後に、マーケティングと消費者行動においては、コミットメント戦略はブランドロイヤリティや顧客維持の文脈で研究され、企業が消費者に自社の製品やサービスへのコミットメントを促す方法が検討されています。

これまでの出力を要約すると、コミットメント戦略はゲーム理論に基づいており、拘束力のある決定や誓約を行うことで、他者の期待や行動に影響を与え、より好ましい結果を目指すことができます。信頼性、非可逆性、シグナリング、抑止、強制などが主要な要素です。コミットメント戦略は経済学、政治学、経営学、心理学、マーケティングなどの分野で関連性があり、それぞれの分野で異なる用語で研究されています。これらの分野におけるコミットメント戦略の広範な適用は、多様な状況で戦略的行動や意思決定を理解する上での重要性を示しています。

コミットメント戦略は、互いに競合するプレイヤーがいるゲームや状況で特に重要であり、相手の行動を予測し、説得する方法を考慮することが求められます。例えば、企業が競合他社との競争で優位に立つために、新製品の開発や特許取得にコミットすることがあります。同様に、国家が国際政治の舞台で利益を守るために、軍事力や外交政策に関するコミットメントを行うことがあります。

これらの例からわかるように、コミットメント戦略は多様な文脈で有用であり、競争相手の期待や行動に影響を与えることで戦略的な優位を得ることができます。

ref.

Promise, a commitment by someone to do or not do something

倫理学のトピックでもある。

翻訳

ゲーム理論の最も重要な洞察の一つは、戦略的な状況において、プレーヤーが自分の戦略（ライバルの反応を考慮すると必ずしも最適とは言えない戦略）を約束する（訳注: commit）能力が、重要な優位性を確保することができるというものである。