A taxonomy of user-interface metaphors
感想
具体的な事例が少ないのには物足りなさを感じてしまったが、大事なステップではあると思った
この人たちのFuture workを追わなければ
Orientational Metaphors （方向メタファ）
"Happiness is up (I’m feeling up today)" のように、向きや空間的配置に関するメタファ
In particular, orientational metaphors tend to be used for quantification and navigation. An example of quantification is the UP IS MORE metaphor, which applies in general to all vertical sliders and other interface elements that involve increasing something by associating it with an upwards direction.
上下のスライダー、時系列を意味する進む・戻るボタンなど、空間と何かしらの軸を対応させるもの
Ontological Metaphors （存在メタファ）
"Time is an object (I don't have enough time)" のように、物体や素材など非常に基礎的な概念に何かを例えるメタファ
While ontological metaphors might initially seem too fundamental to be of use in user-interfaces, this turns out not to be true. In fact, because they are basic, ontological metaphors are to be found everywhere in our interfaces, so it is imperative that we know they are there, and how they work.
何かを「オブジェクト」としてみなすこと自体がこの存在メタファに相当する。
Examples of this are plentiful, but consider THE FILE IS AN OBJECT. This enables us to talk about the size of files, and also to give them locations, and various other useful characteristics. To give another example, we frequently use ontological metaphors to identify causes in the system. Thus we might tell the user that “an error prevented the system from opening that file”, thus using the metaphor ERRORS ARE ENTITIES (capable of causing and preventing things).
Structural Metaphors （構造メタファ）
Thus, in the desktop metaphor, the desktop is the signifier and the file-system is the signified
orientational / ontologicalと異なり、日々の生活から来るメタファ。この点で、他2つが無意識的なのに対しこれは意識的。
経験したことがないものに対してメンタルモデルを与えるという意味でUIの教育において非常に重要。
By way of example, consider the metaphor USING THE DATASTORAGE SYSTEM IS FILING. For a user with no understanding of how data-storage works, this metaphor immediately offers structure to the process because of its metaphoric entailments. Examples of these are “you can use folders to categorise your files”, “you can store files” and “you can name folders to indicate their contents”.
Novel metaphor / Conventional metaphor
a good novel metaphor will eventually become a conventional metaphor as it is absorbed into a group’s way of thinking.
ある概念を指すために近接概念を代用する
the metonymy THE FACE FOR THE PERSON (an instance of THE PART FOR THE WHOLE), is used when we show photos of a person’s face yet claim to be showing ‘the person’.
アイコンを使って代表する、など。THE ICON FOR THE FUNCTION or THE ICON FOR THE OBJECT
メトニミー自体はメタファではないが……
What is most interesting about these metonymic icons is that they do not refer to “real” objects, but to objects in the metaphoric world defined by the collection of interface metaphors. Thus they actually refer to metaphors. The magnifying glass icon refers to the magnifying glass metaphor that we use to explore the data in a photographic image
虫眼鏡アイコンは実際の虫眼鏡を指しているのではなく、検索機能を代表するメトニミーであるが、検索機能を虫眼鏡で表すという行為はメタファになっているので不思議な関係。
Just as we learn that faces are important because of the FACE FOR THE PERSON metonymy, so we find that it is the “painting” aspect of a paintbrush tool that is emphasised by that icon, rather than the ability to perform very detailed, pixel by pixel operations that are not painterly at all.
これおもしろ。アイコンで表されることで、そのアイコンが示す側面が強調される。
Process metaphor / Element metaphor (structural metaphorの下位概念)
We use a process metaphor when we explain some matter of system functionality by specifically comparing it to a realworld process.
As an example of this, consider budgeting software. Here the process metaphor USE OF THE BUDGETING PROGRAM IS THE REAL-WORLD BUDGETING TASK enables a user to immediately begin working on their budget in the same way as they would in normal life. Another example is the metaphor USE OF THE DATA-STORAGE SYSTEM IS FILING. It enables users to work with the file-system by using a similar process used in their real life, thus transferring their knowledge of filing to the computer.
Element metaphorはProcess metaphorが作用している間に各ビジュアル要素がメタファ的になっている場合のこと。
An example of this is the way in which the interface to a budgeting program looks like a ledger, with appropriate headings and so forth. This metaphor, THE INTERFACE IS A BUDGETING LEDGER cues the user into the fact that they can use the budgeting process metaphor to interact with the system. Similarly the paintbrush cursor used in a painting program cues the user into the process metaphor THE CURSOR IS A PAINTBRUSH and thus should help them to interact in the appropriate fashion. (Note that the use of an icon to enter the mode is an instance of what we might call an “element metonymy”.)
Metaphoric entailment（含意）:
https://gyazo.com/b5232b4654292af50365a75d19aacf5e
メタファをUIに適用するためのガイドライン（heuristic）を提案している。これがこの論文の成果物。
1. With conventional metaphors, ensure that you know the structure, and are able to clearly indicate which standard metaphoric entailments are not applicable in the interface.
2. With novel metaphors, ensure that all metaphoric entailments are clearly indicated.
3. Use as many of the metaphoric entailments implied by metaphors as possible.
4. When using orientational metaphors, make sure they fit into the conceptual framework defined by that orientation.
For example, because GOOD IS UP we do not then want to associate an upward orientation with errors, but do want to associate that orientation with success messages.
5. Use as few process metaphors as possible to gain good coverage of the system functionality.
プロセスメタファはそれ自体が複雑（現実世界のプロセスを模しているから）なので、このヒューリスティックが出てくる
6. Base every element metaphor on a process metaphor.
7. Seek to understand the users’ metaphoric world as deeply as possible to counter the problem of the deeply subjective nature of metaphor.