self-assurance
According to 2017 survey data (from the National Institution for Youth Education's "High School Students' Mental and Physical Health Attitudes Survey"), 45% of high school students in Japan and 84% in the United States answered "yes" to the question, "I think I am a valuable person."
Why Silicon Valley people have so much self-esteem. have so much self-esteem.
self-worth
GPT5.icon
Originator of "self-respect / self-assessment (self-esteem)" in academic psychology → William James (1890). Defined as "self-respect = success/ambition (pretensions)."
The original empirical research and measurement → Morris Rosenberg's (1965) 10-item scale (RSES).
Originator of "self-affirmation" as a Japanese term → Chuichiro Takagaki (advocated and popularized in his writings around 1994).
Supplementation.
In Japanese administrative and educational contexts, it is treated as "a translation of self-esteem = self-esteem," and "self-affirmation" is used almost synonymously (but the terminology is shaky).
[Self-affirmation theory is another concept by Claude Steele (1988) (often confused).
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