GHOST
Papers
Yonatan Sompolinsk and Aviv Zohar (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
FC'15
Aggelos Kiayias and Giorgos Panagiotakos (University of Edinburgh)
Aggelos Kiayias and Giorgos Panagiotakos (University of Edinburgh)
Latincrypt'17
Prove that GHOST satisfies liveness and persistence by a single, fresh block lemma
Lock-step
In fruitchain paper,
as the subsequent work by Kiayias and Panagiotakos shows, GHOST actually worsens “chain quality”
Lucianna Kiffer, Rajmohan Rajaraman and abhi shelat (Northeastern University)
CCS’18
Number of confirmations
CryBlock'18 Slide, Extended abstract Lyudmila Kovalchuk, et al.
Kaidalov D. S. (IOHK) et al.
November/2018, Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control (Ukranian Journal)
Average block confirmation time for Bitcoin, GHOST, Ouroboros
Blancing, splitting
Christopher Natoli, Vincent Gramoli (University of Sydney)
Analyze balancing attack (to keep forking in GHOST) by an adversary with the ability to divide the network into subgraphs with equal hash power
Calculate the probability that this attack makes safety failure for double spending oppotunity
Experiment on R3 consortium blockchain
Variants
Chenxing Li (Tsinghua University), Fan Long (University of Toronto), Guang Yang (Conflux Foundation)
A block b is confirmed if for any ancestor block of b, the corresponding subtree total weight is heavier than all of the subtrees of its siblings by a margin.
With the parameter setting used in our experiments, this margin is about 20∼30
in normal scenarios for obtaining the same confidence as waiting six blocks in Bitcoin.
NB: Ethereum doesn't use GHOST