Causes of WW1/WW2
Focus of the topic
Background Info
Body
Political and Ideological
Similarity: Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism
Pan-Slavism
Serbs in Balkans to unite, under Serbian rule with Russia’s support
threatens A-H, interest in Balkan, multi-ethnic
Becoming popular, caused Balkan Wars of 1912-13
Both LT and ST causes
Pan-Germanism
Lost territories by ToV
Nazi belief: Germany should expand to territories where Germans lived
Gradually aggressed, annexed Austria, gained Sudetenland then all Czechoslovakia
DIfference: Appeasement or not
Serbia and Austria
Saw it as a threat, created Albania to go against
Tension between Serbia/Russia and A-H, to the Assassination in June 1914
Harsh ultimatum to the Serbian government
Attempts were done by the UK but failed
Ex: International conference of great powers to settle on 7/26 by the UK
Rejected by Germany
Germany and the UK
It was also a threat
Germany successfully annexed Austria, gained Czechoslovakia
Economic
Similarity: Economic Growth to Military
WW1
Due to industrial revolution
The UK was leading in 19C, but others started to grow
manufacturing output lost to US and Germany in 1913
Every country feared of others to grow
Source of anxiety, earlier better
Lead to military expense
Imperialism
WW2
Economic Growth under Nazi’s aggressive policies
1935 more export than import
Enabled rearmament of Germany
Direct violation of ToV
Same that economic growth lead to militarism
Difference
WW1
Many grew
Mainly UK, US and Germany
Russia etc grew as well, but elatively small
Lead to Arms race
# of Dreadnaught
WW2
Other nations were still in the Great Depression
Great powers were appeasing
Germany succeeded to reach the level of France/UK
Territorial
Colonialism and Living Space
Similarities:
Weltpolitik
Policy in 1896 by Kaiser Wilhelm II
Increase influence and colonies
Caused Moroccan Crisis in 1905/11, increased Tension between UK/FR <-> GE
Living Space
Policy to gain land for Germans to live/food production
Germans as master race
Caused territorial expansion with pan-Germanism, and conflict with USSR leads to Operation Barbarossa
Ambition of territorial expansion often threats other interests, causing tensions
Differences:
Welpolitiks: German Foreign Minister: “Do not want to put anyone else in the shade, but we too demand our place in the sun”
Living space: “Living space for superior race”
However, debates exist
German historian Fritz Fischer: “result of an aggressive and expansionist German policy
Foreign minister quote could be wrong due to its purpose
Possible Essay Questions
Resources
Notes
不足している大事なこと
Long term
ww1
industrial revolution (economic)
economic need leading to expansionism, (economic cause)
Balkanのmultiethinicityと、それがterritorial causesであること
Russian aim to gain middeterenians (territorial cause)
alliances (political)
とくにこれ言及してないのまずいな
assasination (intro)
これは一言書いておきたい
imperialism/militarism (ideological)
ww2
Facism
Great Depression causing many things (economic)
これとてもsignificantなので、もうちょい言及すべきだな
Nazi growthとか
broke "Dawes Plan"
US Isolationismとか
Appeasement (as political effect)
short term
ww1
assasination
july crisis
nations tried negotiations but led to diplomatic and militaristic escalations
schlieffen plan
Germany aimed to invade quickly, which led to shorter negotiation period and outbreak of the war
ww2
SCRAMCUPの話
nazi-soviet nonagression pact
with hidden part (dividing polnad)
Hoshbach memorandum
intentionalist vs structuralist
embargo (US to Japan)
Sino-Japan War
もっと根本的な問題
Politic/Ideologicalを一緒にしない方が良さそう？
weltpolitikとかはpoliticalにも置ける
WW2 Japan言及すべきでは
different region出るかもしれないので
SHort Term causes言及すべきでは
両方問う問題もありえるので